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The Notting Hill Carnival is an annual event that since 1966〔("About us" ), Notting Hill Carnival '13, London Notting Hill Enterprises Trust.〕 has taken place on the streets of Notting Hill, Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, each August over two days (the August bank holiday Monday and the preceding Sunday).〔(BBC - 1Xtra - Black History: "What happened in 1965" ), retrieved 17 March 2012.〕 It is led by members of the British West Indian community, and attracts around one million people annually, making it one of the world's largest street festivals, and a significant event in British culture.〔Shiv Malik, ("Notting Hill carnival gets off to a peaceful start" ), ''The Guardian'', 28 August 2011.〕〔 In 2006, the UK public voted it onto the list of icons of England. Despite its name, it is not part of the global Carnival season preceding Lent.〔(Katherine Schulz Richard, "Carnival is Celebrated Worldwide Just Before Lent" ), About.com.〕 ==History== Professor David Dabydeen has stated: "Carnival is not alien to British culture. Bartholomew Fair and Southwark Fair in the 18th century were moments of great festivity and release. There was juggling, pickpocketing, whoring, drinking, masquerade — people dressed up as the Archbishop of Canterbury and indulged in vulgar acts. It allowed people a space to free-up but it was banned for moral reasons and for the antiauthoritarian behaviour that went on like stoning of constables. Carnival allowed people to dramatise their grievances against the authorities on the street... Notting Hill Carnival single-handedly revived this tradition and is a great contribution to British cultural life."〔Professor David Dabydeen (August 2010). ("Notting Hill Carnival" ), Yesu Persaud Centre for Caribbean Studies, University of Warwick. Retrieved 2015-08-30.〕 Bartholomew's Fair was suppressed in 1855 by the City authorities for encouraging debauchery and public disorder. The roots of the Notting Hill Carnival that took shape in the mid-1960s come from two separate but connected strands. A "Caribbean Carnival" was held on 30 January 1959〔(Caribbean Carnival 1959 brochure. )〕 in St Pancras Town Hall as a response to the problematic state of race relations at the time; the UK's first widespread racial attacks (the Notting Hill race riots) had occurred the previous year. The 1959 event, held indoors and televised by the BBC, was organised by the Trinidadian Claudia Jones (often described as "the mother of the Notting Hill Carnival")〔("Claudia Jones" ), AfroCelebrities, 1 August 2013.〕 in her capacity as editor of Britain's first black newspaper ''The West Indian Gazette'', and directed by Edric Connor; showcasing elements of a Caribbean carnival in a cabaret style, it "featured among other things the Mighty Terror singing the calypso 'Carnival at St Pancras', a Caribbean Carnival Queen beauty contest, the Trinidad All Stars and Hi–fi steel bands dance troupe and a Grand Finale Jump-Up by West Indians who attended the event."〔 The other important strand was the "hippie" London Free School-inspired festival in Notting Hill, that became the first organised outside event in August 1966. The prime mover was Rhaune Laslett,〔Stephen Spark, ("Carnival Roots" ), ''Soca News'', 1 October 2009.〕〔Margaret Busby, ("The Notting Hill carnival has an unsung hero – Rhaune Laslett" ), ''The Guardian'', 24 August 2014.〕 who was not aware of the indoor events when she first raised the idea. This festival was a more diverse Notting Hill event to promote cultural unity. A street party for neighbourhood children turned into a carnival procession when Russell Henderson's steel band (who had played at the earlier Claudia Jones events) went on a walkabout.〔Gary Younge, ("The politics of partying" ), ''The Guardian'', 17 August 2002.〕 Among the early bands to participate were Ebony Steelband and Metronomes Steelband.〔("How Carnival was developed in Britain?" ) Carnival in Education.〕 "Notting Hill Carnival became a major festival in 1975 when it was organised by a young teacher, Leslie Palmer."〔 The carnival was also popularised by live radio broadcasts by Alex Pascall on his daily ''Black Londoners'' programme for BBC Radio London. Emslie Horniman's Pleasance (in the nearby Ladbroke Grove area, with Westbourne Park its closest tube station), has been the carnival's traditional starting point.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Emslie Horniman's Pleasance )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=unlike.net )〕 As the carnival had no permanent staff and head office, the Mangrove restaurant in Notting Hill, run by another Trinidadian, Frank Crichlow, came to function as an informal communication hub and office address for the carnival's organisers. By 1976, the event had become definitely Caribbean in flavour, with around 150,000 people attending. However, in that year and several subsequent years, the carnival was marred by riots, in which predominantly Caribbean youths fought with police — a target due to the continuous harassment the population felt they were under. During this period, there was considerable press coverage of the disorder, which some felt took an unfairly negative and one-sided view of the carnival. For a while it looked as if the event would be banned. Prince Charles was one of the few establishment figures who supported the event. In recent years, the event has been much freer from serious trouble, and is generally viewed very positively by the authorities as a dynamic celebration of London's multicultural diversity, though dominated by the Caribbean culture. However, there has been controversy over the public safety aspects of holding such a well-attended event in narrow streets in a small area of London. Concerns about the size of the event resulted in London's then mayor, Ken Livingstone, setting up a Carnival Review Group to look into "formulating guidelines to safeguard the future of the Carnival".〔(Mayor of London - Notting Hill Carnival Review Group. )〕 An interim report by the review resulted in a change to the route in 2002. When the full report was published in 2004, it recommended that Hyde Park be used as a "savannah"; though this move has attracted some concern that the Hyde Park event may overshadow the original street carnival.〔(Colourful: Weekday Edition )〕 In 2003, the Notting Hill Carnival was run by a limited company, the Notting Hill Carnival Trust Ltd. A report by the London Development Agency on the 2002 Carnival estimated that the event contributes around £93 million to the London and UK economy.〔Michael Ward, ("Executive Summary" ), ''The economic impact of the Notting Hill carnival'', London Development Agency Research, May 2003, p. 9.〕 In 2005, entrants from the Notting Hill Carnival participated in the Bridgwater, Somerset, carnival — Europe's largest lighted carnival and part of the West Country Carnival circuit. For the 2011 Notting Hill Carnival an iPhone app was released, and in 2012 both iPhone and Android apps. For 2014, a Notting Hill Carnival illustrated guide was created by official city guide to London (visitlondon.com ). The infographic includes (Carnival tips ), transport information and a route map. The book ''Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival'',〔("Fantastic new photobook celebrates the history of Notting Hill Carnival" ), It's Nice That, 22 August 2014.〕〔("A Black History Month Special Oct 2014: Ishmahil Blagrove discusses his book ‘Carnival’" ), Flip the Script Book, 10 October 2014.〕〔Jamie Clifton, ("Things You Never Knew About Carnival" ), ''Vice'', 21 August 2014.〕 by Ishmahil Blagrove and Margaret Busby, was also published in August 2014 by Rice N Peas.〔(ricenpeas.com. )〕〔Stephen Spark, ("Notting Hill Carnival book launch – creating harmony out of adversity" ), ''Soca News'', 26 November 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Notting Hill Carnival」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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